Netherlands national guidelines
The Nutrition Center Foundation of Netherlands hasn't published specific guidelines for vegan diets, but mentions vegans in their onine encyclopedia about vitamin B12 (the Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sport as well the the Ministry of Economic affairs of Netherlands fund the Nutrition Center Foundation of Netherlands to produce official dietary guidelines).
(...)
Too much vitamin B12
The risk of adverse effects from too much vitamin B12 is very small. There were no known adverse effects on people with long term high intakes.
The body prevents too much vitamin B12 absorption within the gastrointestinal tract.
Vegans
Vitamin B12 is only found in animal products. Vegans are therefore advised to take vitamin B12 tablets. Lacto-vegetarians get enough vitamin B12 if they drink milk or consume other dairy products frequently.
Vitamin B12 fortified soy milks are readily available. Also, yeast extract, such as Marmite, contains added vitamin B12. These sources are sometimes mistakenly believed to equal supplements. Yet 100 g of yeast extract doesn’t even contain half of the daily requirement for adults.
Algae and seaweeds contain a vitamin B12-like substance, but the substance has no vitamin-like activity.
How much vitamin B12 do you need?
|
Nutrient |
Age in years | |||||||||
|
B12 µg/day |
1-3 |
4-8 |
9-13 |
14-18 |
19-30 |
31-50 |
51-70 |
>70 |
pregnancy |
Breastfeeding |
|
Male |
0.7 |
1.3 |
2 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
- |
- |
|
Female |
0.7 |
1.3 |
2 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
3.8 |
|
Maximum |
||||||||||
Accessed february 2013: http://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/vitamine-b12.aspx